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Consensus Protocols for Multi-Agent Decisions: What Happens When Your Agents Disagree

· 9 min read
Tian Pan
Software Engineer

You have three agents analyzing a customer support ticket. Two say "refund immediately," one says "escalate to fraud review." You pick the majority answer and ship the refund. Three days later, the fraud team asks why you auto-refunded a known chargeback pattern.

This is the consensus problem in multi-agent systems, and it turns out that distributed systems engineers solved important pieces of it decades ago. But naively transplanting those solutions — or worse, defaulting to majority vote — creates failure modes that are uniquely dangerous when your "nodes" are language models with opinions.